The Argentine margin contains important sedimentological, paleontological and chemical records of regional and local tectonic evolution, sea level, climate evolution and ocean circulation since the opening of the South Atlantic in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous as well as the present-day results of post-depositional chemical and biological alteration. Despite its important location, which underlies the exchange of southern- and northern-sourced water masses, the Argentine margin has not been investigated in detail using scientific drilling techniques, perhaps because the margin has the reputation of being erosional. However, a number of papers published since 2009 have reported new high-resolution and/or multichannel seismic surveys, often combined with multi-beam bathymetric data, which show the common occurrence of layered sediments and prominent sediment drifts on the Argentine and adjacent Uruguayan margins. There has also been significant progress in studying the climatic records in surficial and near-surface sediments recovered in sediment cores from the Argentine margin. Encouraged by these recent results, our 3.5-day IODP (International Ocean Discovery Program) workshop in Buenos Aires (8–11 September 2015) focused on opportunities for scientific drilling on the Atlantic margin of Argentina, which lies beneath a key portion of the global ocean conveyor belt of thermohaline circulation. Significant opportunities exist to study the tectonic evolution, paleoceanography and stratigraphy, sedimentology, and biosphere and geochemistry of this margin.
The Argentine Continental Margin (ACM), one of the largest margins
worldwide, is a complex geological feature where geotectonic evolution, as
well as the post ocean-opening history, configured three types of margins
(Fig. 1): passive volcanic rifted (red line), transcurrent (orange line)
and mixed convergent, and sheared (yellow line). Apart from its implications
for the evolution of the Southern Ocean, the ACM constitutes a key region in
the global oceanographic–climatic system as it is the only place in the
Southern Ocean with a net water-mass exchange between the equatorial and
southern polar regions (Fig. 2). Strong Antarctic-sourced currents run
along the Argentine margin, driven by the Coriolis force, from 56
The character of the Argentine Continental Margin. Red: passive
volcanic rifted margin; orange: transcurrent margin; yellow: mixed convergent
and sheared margin. The passive volcanic rifted margin is termed the APVCM.
Red dots indicate DSDP
(Deep Sea Drilling Project) sites, gray dots indicate ODP (Ocean Drilling Program) sites. The figure was
constructed in GeoMapApp (
Location of Argentine Basin with regional bathymetric map and general circulation of surface and deep-water masses indicated (after Hernández-Molina et al., 2010). Legend for the physiographic reference points, in alphabetical order: BB: Burdwood Bank; BMC: Brazil–Malvinas Confluence; DP: Drake Passage; M/FI: Malvinas–Falkland Island; M/FE: Malvinas–Falkland Escarpment; M/FP: Malvinas–Falkland Passage; M/FR: Malvinas–Falkland Ridge; GB: Georgia Basin; GP: Georgia Passage; MEB: Maurice Ewing Bank; NGP: Northeast Georgia Passage; NGR: Northeast Georgia Ridge; SG: South Georgia; SFZ: Shackleton Fracture Zone; SRP: Shag Rocks Passage; and SSI: South Sandwich Island. Legend for the water masses: ACC: Antarctic Circumpolar Current; AABW: Antarctic Bottom Water.
The IODP workshop event, Developing Scientific Drilling Proposals for the Argentina Passive Volcanic Continental Margin (APVCM) – Basin Evolution, Deep Biosphere, Hydrates, Sediment Dynamics and Ocean Evolution, was held in Buenos Aires on 8–11 September 2015. The 3.5-day event was conducted in the Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Comercio Internacional y Culto (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship) in the city of Buenos Aires, comprising 45 scientists from 8 countries and 34 organizations or institutions, who discussed scientific drilling on the APVCM (Fig. 1) to determine the composition of and reconstruct the history of the sedimentary deposits under the impact of climatic and tectonic events. Breakout discussion groups were dedicated to tectonics, paleoceanography, sedimentology and seismic stratigraphy, and deep-Earth life forms, biosphere and geochemistry.
The workshop aimed to bring together a diverse group of scientists to explore and discover the merits of and thereby develop a strategy for scientific drilling operations on the APVCM. The goal of a scientific drilling campaign along and across the APVCM is to significantly contribute to our understanding of the evolution of the South Atlantic and its role and influence on global ocean circulation and the climate history of our planet. Sediments on the APVCM margin range from Late Jurassic–Cretaceous to Holocene in age, and depositional units from approximately the Eocene to Pliocene are particularly well developed. Records from this margin obtained through scientific drilling will be important to resolve key questions of the evolution of Earth's oceans and climate through this period.
IODP workshop topics were introduced to the audience through
key note presentations on
the evolution of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean; the structure of the APVCM; the nature and timing of rifting and thermal evolution of the margin; the nature of sedimentary processes and facies that shaped the margin; the margin construction, stability and evolution; the climate records, ocean circulation and paleoceanography; the history and character of surface and deep circulation along the Argentine
margin; the opportunities for deep biosphere studies on a complex passive
margin; the data needs for IODP proposals, the capabilities of the R/V
Workshop sponsorship was provided by the National Science Foundation US Science Support Program (USSSP), Argentina's Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation (MINCYT-CONICET), the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs, COPLA (National Commission of the Outer Limit of the Shelf – CONVEMAR), the Pampa Azul Initiative, YPF S.A. (Argentina's National Petroleum Company), and CIG (Geological Research Center, University of La Plata – CONICET), Argentina. This was also a European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD) MagellanPlus workshop.
Seismic data are particularly important for planning and executing scientific drilling programs, and for the Argentine margin it is appropriate to mention early on in this report that three significant seismic data sets were shown and discussed at the workshop. The primary data set for the Argentine margin consists of mostly dip lines collected by BGR (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe) in Hanover, Germany. The second primary data set consists of the primarily dip seismic lines collected by COPLA, which build on the BGR lines by extending the BGR lines offshore and by filling in between the BGR lines where they are widely spaced. The COPLA lines were collected in support of Argentina's application to set the outer limit of the Argentine continental shelf and there will be limited access to these lines, at least until that process has been concluded. Workshop organizers met with members of COPLA several times before the workshop to discuss the goals of the IODP workshop and the kind of data needed to support IODP scientific drilling. We were told that portions of the lines were expected to be available to support scientific drilling on a case-by-case basis. Indeed, four potential drill sites were proposed during the meeting based on the COPLA lines, and a pre-proposal currently active in the IODP system uses COPLA and BGR lines to define two potential sites (903-Pre, Fig. 3). The ArgentineSPAN-(TM) lines collected on the Argentine margin by ION Geophysical, Inc., were the third set of lines presented and discussed. These deep-penetration, proprietary lines are both strike lines and dip lines, and may also be available to support scientific drilling. Indeed, 911-Pre (Fig. 3) uses ArgentineSPAN-(TM) and BGR lines to define several sites. Other important data sets may exist on the margin, but they were not discussed at this meeting.
Location of sites proposed by IODP proposals 903-Pre “Argentine margin seaward dipping reflectors” and 911-Pre “Argentine margin
paleoceanographic transects”. Also shown are the location of core VM12-46
and the location of the seismic profile in Fig. 4. The figure was constructed in
ArcMap using the ETOPO1 basemap (
The Argentine margin contains important sedimentological, paleontological and chemical records of regional and local tectonic evolution, sea level, climate evolution and ocean circulation that date from the opening of the South Atlantic in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous as well as of the present-day results of post-depositional chemical and biological alteration. Despite its important location, which underlies the exchange of southern- and northern-sourced water masses, the Argentine margin has not been investigated in detail using scientific drilling techniques (Fig. 1). This low level of scientific drilling activity in the region may in part be due to the reports of Maurice Ewing and co-workers (e.g., Lonardi and Ewing, 1971), which, based on widely spaced and low-resolution seismic profiles, noted that the margin had an erosional character as it was crossed by numerous large canyon systems, some of which were likely altered by strong currents. However, a number of papers published since 2009 reported new high-resolution and/or multichannel seismic surveys (Fig. 4), often combined with multi-beam bathymetric data, which show the common occurrence of layered sediments and prominent sediment drifts on the Argentine and adjacent Uruguayan margins (e.g., Hernández-Molina et al., 2009, 2010, 2015; Violante et al., 2010, Krastel et al., 2011; Lastras et al., 2011; Muñoz et al., 2012; Grützner et al., 2011, 2012, 2016; Preu et al., 2012, 2013; Voigt et al., 2013; Uenzelmann-Neben et al., 2016; see also Hinz et al., 1999). There has also been significant progress studying the climatic records in surficial and near-surface sediments recovered in sediment cores from the Argentine margin (e.g., Chiessi et al., 2007; Bozzano et al., 2011; Govin et al., 2012; Bender et al., 2013; Razik et al., 2013; Razik, 2014; García Chapori et al., 2014, 2015), demonstrating that this margin also contains important modern sedimentary deposits.
Encouraged by these recent results, our 3.5-day IODP workshop in Buenos
Aires (8–11 September 2015) focused on opportunities for scientific drilling
on the APVCM as a significant contribution to several of IODP's research
themes described in the program's Science Plan (IODP-SP) for 2013–2023
Interpreted seismic line across the Argentine margin featuring distinct drift deposits, channels, and thickness of deposits. Ocean current distribution within the water column: AABW is Antarctic Bottom Water; LCDW is Lower Circumpolar Deep Water; UCDW is Upper Circumpolar Deep Water; NADW is North Atlantic Deep Water (see Grützner et al., 2012). Predicted age and character of the sediment deposits need to be determined through sampling to understand in detail the evolution of the margin in response to climate changes.
Interest is high in the southern South Atlantic Ocean, and there is currently much being learned about the details of the evolution of this key ocean basin (Torsvik et al., 2009; Moulin et al., 2010; Heine et al., 2013; Granot and Dyment, 2015). The rift phase of the Gondwana breakup extended from the Triassic/Jurassic(?) to the Early Cretaceous. Seaward dipping reflectors (SDRs) are observed on seismic profiles near the continental–ocean boundary (COB), indicating the presence of massive volcanism (a large igneous province, or LIP) at the transition from rifting to drifting (Gladczenko et al., 1997; Hinz et al., 1999). The volcanic layers that make up the SDRs may be subaerial and interbedded with terrestrial sediments. Slumps are observed in the prograding Cretaceous sediment off the Colorado Basin that may thin the sediments over SDRs in some areas. Cretaceous shelf sediments here are expected to be black shales, sandstones and coarser-grained deposits (Loegering et al., 2013) while Cretaceous sediments in deeper water are likely to be pelagic shales, marls and fine-grained sands (R. Gerster, personal communication, 2015). At about 95 Ma the Equatorial Atlantic Gateway opened, and the gateway continued to enlarge allowing for enhanced exchange of southern waters with the North Atlantic Basin, perhaps leading to a global cooling of bottom water and the end of the Cretaceous greenhouse period (Friedrich et al., 2012; Granot and Dyment, 2015). However, basin-to-basin differences in water properties are not well resolved, including the character of the South Atlantic waters that flooded the North Atlantic Basin (Friedrich et al., 2012).
Hernández-Molina et al. (2010) and Grützner et al. (2012) suggested that sediments from about the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary to the Eocene–Oligocene boundary are thick along the margin and are characterized by being parallel to sub-parallel reflections of low to moderate amplitude. This is generally a time of low to moderate bottom current activity and a warm climate.
Lastras et al. (2011) and Muñoz et al. (2012) sampled relatively thick
sections of fine-grained Eocene sediments at about 45 to
47
Hanna et al. (1976) and Ross (1976) described several new, non-reworked Eocene
diatom species from Vema cores collected in this area. Core VM12-46
(47.483
Eocene sediments on the upper slope are overlain by a prominent but now buried sediment drift in deep water, which is likely of Oligocene to early late Miocene age (Fig. 4; the “giant drift” of Hernández-Molina et al., 2010 and Grützner et al., 2012). This drift is buried to the west by the flanks of younger and shallower deposits (termed “mounded drifts”) of mid- to late Miocene age, which developed sequentially within the south-central portion of the Argentine margin. Sediments likely of Pliocene to the Holocene age overlay the mounded drifts, although they are often more localized. These younger sediments are generally interpreted as drifts, perhaps associated with the levees of channels, or deposits within channels, where the channels intersect flow along the margin. Drifts are also present farther north along the margin (e.g., Hernández-Molina et al., 2015) with drifts apparently associated with flows of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW), North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW).
Violante et al. (2010) and Grützner et al. (2011, 2012, 2016) suggested that increased sediment flux to the margin during the Miocene may in part be related to an uplift in the Andes that in turn is due to increased Miocene Pacific Ocean crustal spreading and subduction rates, which peaked at about 10 to 20 Ma (Pardo-Casas and Molnar, 1987; Martinod et al., 2010). However, the routes or processes by which Andean sediments reach the margin and are redistributed within the margin are not well understood.
The shift in deposition from primarily shallow-water Eocene sediments to deep-water, drifted Oligocene sediments appears to mark the deepening of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in the Oligocene (Katz et al., 2011) and the first entry of northward-flowing deep waters into the Argentine Basin (Uenzelmann-Neben et al., 2016). The establishment of a shallow ACC in the Eocene played an important role in isolating Antarctica and allowing for the growth of continental ice sheets (Katz et al., 2011), and the thick, shallow-water (now the upper slope) Eocene sediments described along the southern Argentine margin may have accumulated in response to the formation of a shallow ACC and associated shallow northward flow along the Argentine margin. The ACC apparently strengthened and deepened into the Oligocene as the Tasman Gateway and then the Drake Passage deepened, leading to the development of the modern four-layer structure as well as deep northward flow in the Argentine Basin (Katz et al., 2011; Figs. 2 and 4).
The mid–late Miocene is a particularly important time in terms of
climate history and global ocean circulation. During the early Miocene, the
Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) appears to have fluctuated in size, with
concomitant changes in sea level of about
Workshop participants agreed that scientific ocean drilling off Argentina (both in deep and shallow water) will contribute to the understanding of the role that the southern region has played in climate evolution and associated processes and will provide opportunities for focused studies.
The APVCM provides outstanding targets for investigating sedimentation and paleoceanographic conditions from the Cretaceous to the Holocene. The unique setting in the target region is linked to the tectonic evolution of Antarctica, the Southern and South Atlantic oceans, and the Andes. Specific questions and hypotheses were discussed in groups regarding several main sub-topics.
One sub-topic discussion group was focused on developing a strategy to
identify targets that highlight the opening of the South Atlantic and allow
for testing the various models for the breakup of Gondwana and emplacement of
shear zones, for example as expressions of transcurrent boundaries. SDRs and associated magnetic/gravity anomalies are
important volcanic and geophysical features that can constrain geotectonic
models of the opening of the South Atlantic and the evolution of its
margins. We need to better understand the structure, fragmentation and
thermal evolution of SDRs, which can be identified in seismic lines. We need
to collect in situ samples for age dating and we need to determine the
likely depths of events related to SDR emplacement and evolution. We also
need to better characterize the geochemical composition and mineralogy of the
SDR layers to better perceive their emplacement and thermal evolution.
Drilling and sampling the SDRs of the Argentina Basin (deep-water realm of
the APVCM) will allow us to address the following scientific objectives
related to challenges 8, 9 and 10 of the Earth connections theme
in the IODP Science Plan for 2013–2023 (IODP-SP):
What is the age and composition of the SDRs? What was the source of magma (asthenosphere vs. deep mantle plumes) for the
initial melts emplaced during the early opening of the South Atlantic, and what
does this tell us about models of continental rifting/fragmentation? What was the nature of magma and continental crust interactions during SDR
emplacement, and what does this indicate about crustal anatexis, crustal
lithology, and composition of gases delivered to the ocean and/or atmosphere
during emplacement? How has the structural, tectonic and thermal evolution of the margin
influenced the both large-scale and local sedimentation patterns on
the margin over time?
This sub-group engaged in a discussion of the opening of the
South Atlantic and how the changing configuration of the ocean basins and
distribution of landmasses affected the evolution of the ocean and climate.
Since the age of the APVCM allows one (in theory) to tap into sediments back
as far as the mid-Late Cretaceous, it may be possible to sample sediments
that record the successive oceanic-anoxic events (OAEs) that occurred
during the mid-Cretaceous “Super Greenhouse” (Aptian–Turonian), a time
with characteristically high atmospheric CO When did marine sedimentation begin, how rapidly did the South Atlantic
deepen and when did northern-sourced water impact this region? How are Cretaceous OAEs expressed in this area and does this expression
change as the South Atlantic widened and deepened during the Late
Cretaceous? What is the importance of circulation changes vs.
productivity in the formation of OAEs? What was the nature of the deep-water mass in the South Atlantic during the
Late Cretaceous “Super Greenhouse”? At what point is there evidence for a
significant contribution from southern-sourced (Antarctic) deep water? Can depth transects of sites representing different times in the evolution
of the South Atlantic circulation be found at different latitudes along the
margin to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of circulation along
the margin? Can scientific drilling help to further decipher the peculiar and
significant impact of the Miocene on the atmospheric evolution of our
planet? How was the Neogene shaped globally through processes taking place
on or recorded in sediments of the APVCM?
This sub-group considered the sediment record from a somewhat different
perspective than the “Paleoceanography and sedimentology” topic, and questions were raised
related to links between climate, sediment accumulation, atmospheric
circulation and the Andean orogeny, which is the most prominent tectonic
feature in the Southern Hemisphere (Ghiglione et al., 2016). One particular
example is that records from the continental margin will extend and
complement records of wind-blown sediments recovered from Argentine loess
deposits and Patagonian lakes (Heil Jr. et al., 2010; Lisé-Pronovost et al.,
2015). These kinds of topics pertain to IODP-SP's climate and ocean change theme challenges 1 and 3:
Does a signal of Andean orogeny exist in the sedimentary record of the
Argentine margin? If so, what does it look like and how should it be
interpreted? Can we identify connections between paleo-climate and sedimentation patterns
and rates in the region? Did processes in this region have an impact on global sedimentation rates
and patterns? Can we identify and track material in a “source-to-sink” framework from
the Andes to the Argentine margin as well as to the various basins? How did Andean tectonics affect the global ocean and atmospheric circulation
(wind) patterns and conditions? Has Andean dust/loess affected primary bio-productivity during the Neogene,
and might that signal also be reflected in CO What can we learn about how Andean volcanism evolved and how those volcanic
process and the record of uplift and erosion help us understand the
subduction processes here? What can the sediment recorded in margin sediments tell us about temporal
variability of the sources of material to the margin and in the nature of
along-slope and across-slope transport processes?
This sub-group was focused on discussing the variable presence, quality and
quantity of organic matter along the APVCM, because reactions related to
organic matter decomposition provide the energy needed by subsurface
biosphere communities. In many areas microbial life and the cycling of
elements is studied in steady-state environments while seismic profiles from
the Argentine margin demonstrate a dynamic sedimentary environment. The
APVCM is thereby considered and treated as a temporal and spatial
non-steady-state depositional system, which is highly impacted by complex
and dynamic sediment reworking processes (Hensen et al., 2003; Riedinger et
al., 2014; Razik, 2014). Gravity-driven sediment deposition, sea level
variations, strong currents and complex paleo-productivities across the
short-to-long-term timescales are all contributing factors to generating
complex geochemical cycling and biosphere activity. Buried organic-rich
layers can be re-activated under certain temperature and pressure changes,
thus providing food for subsurface microbial communities. Organic substrates
can diffuse into adjacent, often organic-lean, sediment layers, and this new
energy source can cause strong alteration of the sedimentary record long
after deposition. Since little data exist for a non-steady-state sediment
depositional system along and across a passive margin, the APVCM represents
a perfect playground to examine the diversity and activity of subsurface
microbial communities and their responses to dynamic changes in their
sedimentary environment. Geo-microbiological and bio-geochemical (in
conjunction with detailed physical-property) studies in such deposits could
be pursued with a modest addition of the appropriate shipboard personnel and
relates to challenges 5 and 7 of IODP-SP's biosphere frontiers theme:
How does the diversity and activity of microbial life vary with depth,
geochemistry, and sediment composition and age across the APVCM? Furthermore, does microbial activity change with non-steady-state
sedimentation? How do the amounts and fluxes of carbon change in time and space across the
APVCM in relation to variations in primary external parameters? Are carbon
and nutrients preferentially stored in sediment during times of rapid
sediment accumulation and returned to the ocean during times of slow
sedimentation? How does that affect the CO
Development of APVCM-specific drilling proposals to address the objectives cited above will require the acquisition of additional data sets. Specifically, the following was suggested during the workshop:
Priority no. 1: obtain additional seismic data sets, including cross-lines to complement existing seismic data, for possible target sites. Such new seismic lines should be acquired using methods that resolve deeper sedimentary structures in addition to the upper sedimentary sequences. These data can be used to develop several drilling transects at different latitudes to target the collection of important Paleogene and Neogene sequences as well as to support drilling to deeper targets such as SDRs and Mesozoic sediments.
Action no. 1: augment existing high-quality seismic data (e.g., Grützner et al., 2012), for example through GEOMAR's three-dimensional (3-D) P-Cable (Planke et al., 2009; Planke and Berndt, 2002) and/or using other seismic systems, such as provided through the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) or other research grants.
Action no. 2: evaluate existing sediment samples and collect new gravity and piston cores near potential drill sites to document the age, nature and character of the near-surface material to support the potential transect-oriented IODP proposals.
Priority no. 2: coordinate with Pampa Azul, a strategic project
of scientific research along the Argentine margin supported by the Argentine
state (
Priority no. 3: encourage the development of continent–ocean transect drilling proposals for joint evaluation by IODP and ICDP (International Continental Scientific Drilling Program). Important and complementary records come from both continental and marine settings, and a full understanding of margin evolution and requires working in both settings.
The main outcome of this workshop is the formation of several working groups
addressing the various scientific topics briefly outlined in this report,
and committed to preparing several pre-/full proposals to IODP that are
appropriate for the R/V
The scientific objectives for potential IODP drilling proposals are central
aspects of the International Ocean Discovery Program as formulated in the
Science Plan for 2013–2023
The interconnection of this IODP project with Pampa Azul and corresponding initiatives (for example with the German DFG-BMBF) provides opportunities for early-career scientists among the various countries. ICDP at the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) in Potsdam actively fosters and sponsors such efforts and incentives via financial and logistical support. We also encourage syndicated, perhaps educational television, documentaries about scientific drilling on the Argentine margin as projects develop. This type of activity can help to inform the general public, whose tax dollars finance these studies, and raise favorable awareness for these types of international collaborations at a time of significant geo-political and economic challenges. This is just one aspect of interacting with the public at all levels in order to generate a deeper understanding and appreciation for the importance of scientific drilling both on land and in the ocean.
The evolution of the Argentine Continental Margin has been affected by climate, current, sea level and tectonic processes, as well as by sediment input patterns and depositional history along this roughly 5000 km long coast line. All of these characteristics, coupled with the fact that this is a critically important, yet under-sampled, portion of the World Ocean, makes the Argentine Continental Margin an important region for IODP scientific drilling. Workshop participants agreed that scientific ocean drilling off Argentina will contribute to the understanding of the role that the southern region has played in climate evolution and associated processes and will provide opportunities for focused studies. The APVCM provides outstanding targets for investigating sedimentation patterns, climatic, paleo-circulation and paleoceanographic conditions, biosphere and geochemistry from the Cretaceous to the Holocene. The evolution of this important setting is also linked to the evolution of the World Ocean as well as to the tectonic evolution of Antarctica, the Southern and South Atlantic oceans, and the Andes.
IODP workshop: developing scientific drilling proposals for the Argentina Passive Volcanic Continental Margin (APVCM) – basin evolution, deep biosphere, hydrates, sediment dynamics and ocean evolution.
Report authors consist of the workshop steering committee.
Authors Roberto A. Violante, Thomas Gorgas, Ernesto Schwarz, Jens Grützner, Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben and F. Javier Hernández-Molina are proponents of IODP scientific drilling proposals 903-Pre and/or 911-Pre.
We thank NSF-USSSP, ECORD/ICDP, COPLA, Ministry of Foreign Office, Ministry
of Science (MINCYT), Pampa Azul, YPF, Y-Tec, IGeBA, CIG-CONICET-UNLP, the
German IODP Koordinationsbüro, the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil, and ANCAP for generously providing logistical and
financial support for the APVCM workshop and event attendees. COPLA
Coordinator Frida Armas Pfirter and Minister Osvaldo Mársico deserve
special thanks for their hospitality and for doing a superb job hosting this
event (which received rave reviews from the attendees) in concert with a
competent technical service team at the venue. Supporting Institutions in
Argentina were the Argentina Hydrographic Survey and the Instituto de
Geologia de Costas y del Cuaternario-University of Mar del Plata. Research
was conducted in the framework of the “Drifters” Research Group of the
Royal Holloway University of London. We appreciate the constructive feedback
from various reviewers of the original workshop proposal, in particular
Ann Holbourn (Kiel University), and also the reviewers of this workshop
report. We especially acknowledge Manika Prasad, Christian Berndt
and, in particular, Denise Kulhanek (IODP-JRSO-TAMU) and Jim Wright
(Rutgers), who led efforts to submit the first two APVCM pre-proposals
(903-Pre and 911-Pre). Most importantly, thanks go to all workshop attendees
and participating scientists for their enthusiastic and ongoing
contributions before, during and after the event, thereby helping to develop
pre-proposals as concrete outcomes from this workshop. All investigators,
workshop attendees and updates can be found on the ICDP project website at